Most visited articles. Africa Destinations. The precipitation also greatly varies, as the north receives significantly more rainfall than the south. Amounts are also highly irregular from one year to another, and irregularity increases southward toward the desert. After initially examining the years of French colonial rule from 1881 to 1956, when the Tunisians achieved independence, he describes the subsequent process of state-building, including the design of political and economic structures and the promotion of a social and cultural agenda. Harvests vary as a result, being poor in dry years. Like much of North Africa, Tunisia's history is one littered with conquests that completely changed the country's path. History First Peoples. History and Ethnic Relations Emergence of the Nation. A Brief History of Tunisia Muslim Conquest. Drainage. It was the Phoenicians that first founded Tunisiaâs most famous city of Carthage, which would eventually rival Rome as the most dominant city on the Mediterranean Sea. Though Tunisia went bankrupt in 1869 and an international financial commission—with British, French, and Italian representatives—was imposed on the country, there was one last attempt to reform Tunisia from within and thus avoid complete European domination. Add new page. Tunisia’s most fertile soils are found in the well-watered intermontane valleys in the north, where rich sandy clay soils formed from alluvium or soils high in lime content cover the valley bottoms and plains. The climate can be divided into two major areas, the north, influenced by the Mediterranean, and the south, influenced by the Saharan desert. Tunisia is situated in the warm temperate zone between latitudes 37° and 30° N. In the north the climate is Mediterranean, characterized by mild, rainy winters and hot, dry summers with no marked intervening seasons. Is the northernmost point of Africa farther north than the southernmost point of Europe? For a more detailed treatment of earlier periods and of the country in its regional context, see North Africa. History. Tunisia’s culture is highly diverse, in part because of long periods of Ottoman and then French rule but also because populations of Jews and Christians have lived among a Muslim majority for centuries. The kitchen, half of it roofed over and the rest an open courtyard, was a long vertical passage toward the light. Although the story is certainly apocryphal, Carthage nonetheless grew into one of the great cities and preeminent powers of antiquity, and its colonies and entrepôts were scattered throughout the western Mediterranean region. In 1830, at the time of the French invasion of Algiers, Tunisia was officially a province of the Ottoman Empire but in reality was an autonomous state. Farming methods reached the Nile Valley from the Fertile Crescent region about 5000 BC, and spread to the Maghreb by about 4000 BC. From north to south, the cork oak forest of the Kroumirie Mountains, with its fern undergrowth sheltering wild boars, gives way to scrub and steppes covered with esparto grass and populated with small game and to the desert, where hunting is forbidden so as to preserve the remaining gazelles. The Phoenicians founded Carthage in Tunisia in the 8th century BC. The following discussion offers a brief summary of Tunisiaâs early history but mainly focuses on Tunisia since about 1800. In the 7th century Arab conquerors converted the native Berber (Amazigh) population of North Africa to Islam. Temperatures are moderated by the sea, being less extreme at Sousse on the coast, for example, than at Kairouan (Al-Qayrawān) inland. That name, in turn, comes from the Roman word for Africa and the name also given by the Romans to their ⦠The fighting in Tunisia underlined both the strengths and weaknesses of the Western Alliance and the United States Army. Tunisia was called IfrÄ«qiyyah in the early centuries of the Islamic period. Aside from these and from the plains of the Haute Steppe region, where some clay soils of medium fertility may be found, soils in the rest of the country tend to be rocky or sandy. One name looms above all in Tunisia's history: Carthage. Ruins of the ancient baths at Carthage, Tunisia. This agreement, known as the Convention of Al-Marsa, was signed in 1883 and solidified French control over Tunisia. The next bey, Muḥammad (1855–59), tried to ignore Europe, but this was no longer possible. Agricultural communities in the humid coastal plains of central Tunisia then were ancestors of today's Berber tribes. $5 - $10; $10 - $25; $25 - $50; Over $50; Formats. During the 8th and 9th centuries BC, the Phoenicians became the first of the many civilizations to leave their mark on Tunisia. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. Independence for Tunisia. 278,252 Pages. Get exclusive access to content from our 1768 First Edition with your subscription. When the principal minister, Muṣṭafā Khaznadār (who had served from the earliest days of Aḥmad Bey’s reign), attempted to squeeze more taxes out of the hard-pressed peasants, the countryside rose in a revolt (1864). Scorpions are found in all regions; among dangerous snakes are the horned viper and the cobra. Book Description. The humid coastal plain in the east, running between the Gulf of Hammamet and the Gulf of Gabes, where Tunisia’s thriving olive plantations are found, is the most agriculturally productive of these coarse-textured soil areas. Saved from en.wikipedia.org. Culture of Tunisia - Wikipedia In 1956, ⦠Recovered for Spain in 1535, Tunisia is finally brought under Ottoman control in 1574. The history of early Tunisia and its indigenous inhabitants, the Berbers, is obscure prior to the founding of Carthage by seafaring Phoenicians from Tyre (in present-day Lebanon) in the 9th century BC .A great mercantile state developed at Carthage (near modern-day Tunis), which proceeded to dominate the western Mediterranean world. Although the Arabs initially unified North Africa, by 1230 a separate Tunisian dynasty had been established by the Ḥafṣids. (Page of tag Tunisia) This warmth, joined with the country’s renowned hospitality and cuisine, has contributed greatly to Tunisia’s growing popularity as a destination for tourists from throughout Europe and the Americas. Land. Conscription was also introduced, to the great dismay of the peasantry. Tunisia toÍonÄ´zhÉ, tyoÍoâ [key], Fr. Ancient Origins articles related to Tunisia in the sections of history, archaeology, human origins, unexplained, artifacts, ancient places and myths and legends. On the political level the successful conclusion of the Tunisia Campaign left one Allied problem unsolved: factionalism among the French. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. We'll give it a try. Farther south there is a series of chott (or shaṭṭ; salty lake) depressions. Independence under the Neo-Destour Party (1956–2011), Factional tension, compromise, and a new constitution, Dissatisfaction with the political establishment and the election of Kais Saied. Temperatures at Sousse average 44 °F (7 °C) in January and 89 °F (32 °C) in August. For a more detailed treatment of earlier periods and of the country in its regional context, see North Africa. The history of Tunisia reveals this rich past where different successive Mediterranean cultures had a strong presence. Founded by the Arabs in the year 670, Kairouan in Arabic means âmilitary campâ. Popular pages. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. The area was ruled by a succession of Islamic dynasties and empires until coming under French colonial rule in the late 19th century. The Tunisian Dorsale, or High Tell, a southwest-northeast–trending mountain range that is an extension of the Saharan Atlas (Atlas Saharien) of Algeria, tapers off in the direction of the Sharīk (Cape Bon) Peninsula in the northeast, south of the Gulf of Tunis. Carthage fought a series of wars with its rival, Rome. Continued civil disturbances and corruption prompted the British and French to force the bey to issue the Fundamental Pact (ʿAhd al-Amān; September 1857), a civil rights charter modeled on the Ottoman rescript of 1839. List View List. About 480 BC the Phoenicians founded Carthage. With the help of Western advisers (mainly French), he created a modern army and navy and related industries. To the south of the Tunisian Dorsale lies a hilly region known as the Haute Steppe (High Steppes) in the west and the Basse Steppe (Low Steppes) in the east. However they came into conflict with Rome. Friday, January 14, 2011, became a new date and a specialchapter in the periodization of the history of Tunisia since independence,just like March 20, 1956 (Independence Day), or April 9, 1938.¹ This key1. Occupying the eastern portion of the great bulge of North Africa, Tunisia is bounded on Tunisie, officially Republic of Tunisia, republic (2015 est. Following the decline of Rome, the region was ruled briefly by the Vandals and then the Byzantine Empire before being conquered by the Arabs in 647 ce. (For a discussion of political changes in Tunisia in 2011, see Jasmine Revolution.). Tunisia's geographical location has meant that many different peoples have entered and dominated the country. This changes southward to semiarid conditions on the steppes and to desert in the far south. The vegetation and animal life of the country are affected by these erratic climatic conditions. The Phoenicians' expanding regional power brought them to the attention of the Ancient Greeks, and late⦠Followers of Generals de Gaulle and Giraud were still unable to unite in a common cause. Tunisia became a French protectorate in 1881 and remained under French rule until March 1956 when it gained independence, followed by the promulgation of a new constitution on 1 June 1959. Because the principal military threat had long come from neighbouring Algeria, the reigning bey of Tunisia, Ḥusayn, cautiously went along with assurances from the French that they had no intention of colonizing Tunisia. The major drainage feature of the north is the Majardah River, the country’s only perennially flowing stream, which cuts the Majardah valley before emptying into the Gulf of Tunis, near the site of ancient Carthage. Independence under the Neo-Destour Party (1956–2011), Factional tension, compromise, and a new constitution, Dissatisfaction with the political establishment and the election of Kais Saied, Central Intelligence Agency - The World Factbook - Tunisia, Tunisia - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Tunisia - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). Yet, Tunisia proved to be as vulnerable economically as it was militarily. But before reaching this square of pure blue sky, it received, from a multitude of windows, all the smoke, the smells, and the gossip of our neighbours. The Romans ruled and settled in North Africa until the 5th century, when the Roman Empire fell and... From Arab Center to French Protectorate. Berber, the earlier language of the Maghrib, survived in Tunisia in only a few pockets, mainly in the extreme south. Aḥmad abolished slavery and took other modernizing steps intended to bring Tunisia more in line with Europe, but he also exposed his country to Europe’s infinitely greater economic and political power. A mean annual rainfall of about 60 inches (1,520 mm) occurs in the Kroumirie Mountains in northwestern Tunisia, making it the wettest region in North Africa, as compared with less than 4 inches (100 mm) at Tozeur (Tawzar) in the southwest. Updates? Eugene Roe; Project maintenance. During the 1990s the government sponsored the construction of a number of dams to control flooding, preserve runoff, and recharge the water table. This is a whole app is very easy to use. Tunisia’s accessible Mediterranean Sea coastline and strategic location have attracted conquerors and visitors throughout the ages, and its ready access to the Sahara has brought its people into contact with the inhabitants of the African interior. The vast majority of the population was Muslim, with a small Jewish minority.
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